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World Rugby (WR) is the world governing body for the sport of rugby union.〔 World Rugby organises the Rugby World Cup every four years, the sport's most recognised and most profitable competition.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Rugby World Cup History )〕 It also organises a number of other international rugby competitions, such as the World Rugby Sevens Series, the World Under 20 Championship, and the Pacific Nations Cup. World Rugby's headquarters are in Dublin, Ireland.〔〔 Its membership now comprises 117 national unions (100 full members and 17 associate members). Member countries must each also be members of one of the six regional unions into which the world is divided: Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and the Caribbean, South America, and Oceania. World Rugby was founded as the International Rugby Football Board (IRFB) in 1886 by Scotland, Wales and Ireland, with England joining in 1890. Australia, New Zealand and South Africa became full members in 1949. France became a member in 1978 and a further eighty members joined from 1987 to 1999. The body was renamed the International Rugby Board (IRB) in 1998, and took up its current name in November 2014.〔 In 2009, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) voted to include rugby sevens in the 2016 Summer Olympics.〔 World Rugby gained membership of the Association of Summer Olympic International Federations (ASOIF) in 2010.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Members )〕 ==History== Until 1885 the laws of rugby football were made by England as the founder nation. However, following a disputed try in an international between Scotland and England in 1884, letters were exchanged in which England claimed that they made the laws, and the try should stand.〔 Scotland refused to play England in the 1885 Home Nations Championship. Following the dispute, the home unions of Scotland, Ireland and Wales decided to form an international union whose membership would agree on the standard rules of rugby football. The three nations met in Dublin in 1886, though no formal regulations were agreed upon. On 5 December 1887, committee members of the Irish Rugby Football Union, Scottish Rugby Union (named the Scottish Football Union at the time) and Welsh Rugby Union met in Manchester and wrote up the first four principles of the International Rugby Football Board. England refused to take part in the founding of the IRFB, stating that they should have greater representation, as they had more clubs.〔(【引用サイトリンク】1880s )〕 The England Union also refused to accept the IRFB as the recognised law maker of the game.〔 This led to the IRFB taking the stance of member countries not playing England until they joined, and no games were played against England in 1888 and 1889.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url= http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/laws.htm )〕 In 1890 England joined the IRFB, gaining six seats while the other unions had two each.〔 The same year, the IRFB wrote the first international laws of rugby union.〔(【引用サイトリンク】History of the Game )〕 In 1893, the IRFB was faced with the divide between amateurism and professionalism, which was nicknamed the "Great Schism". Following the introduction of working class men to the game in Northern England, clubs began paying "broken time" payments to players, due to the loss of earnings from playing on a Saturday.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title =1890s )〕 Cumberland County Union also complained of another club using monetary incentives to lure players, leading to the IRFB conducting an enquiry. The IRFB was warned by all the chief clubs in Lancashire and Yorkshire that any punishment would lead to the clubs seceding from the union.〔 The debate over broken time payments ultimately caused the 22 leading clubs in Yorkshire and Lancashire to form the Northern Rugby Football Union, a sport today known as rugby league football.〔 England's seats on the IRFB were reduced from six to four in 1911. The Australian Rugby Union, New Zealand Rugby Football Union and South African Rugby Board joined the board with one seat each in 1948, with England's seats being reduced to two, the same as the other home nations. The three Southern Hemisphere unions were given a second seat each in 1958.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Major team and individual sports )〕 The French Rugby Federation was admitted in 1978 and the Argentine Rugby Union, Canadian Rugby Union, Italian Rugby Federation and Japan Rugby Football Union were admitted in 1991.〔 It is thought that in the late 1950s the IRFB was presented with the ideas of a world championship.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=The History of RWC )〕 In 1983 the New Zealand Rugby Football Union and Australian Rugby Union each proposed hosting such a tournament. The following year the board committed to conduct a feasibility study. A year later there was another meeting in Paris, and the Union subsequently voted on the idea. It was the South African Rugby Board's vote that proved to be crucial in setting up a tied vote, as they voted in favour, even though they knew they would be excluded due to the sporting boycott because of their apartheid policies. English and Welsh votes were then changed, and the vote was won 10 to 6.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「World Rugby」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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